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9781845530167

The Origins of the Second Temple: Persion Imperial Policy and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem

by
  • ISBN13:

    9781845530167

  • ISBN10:

    1845530160

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2005-05-01
  • Publisher: Routledge

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Summary

Darius J. King of Porsia, claims to have accomplished many deeds in the early years of his reign, but was one of them the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem? The editor who added the date to the books of Haggai and Zexhariah thought so, and the author or Ezra 1-6 then relied on his dates when writing his account of the rebuilding process. The genealogical information contained in the book of Nehemiah, however, suggests otherwise; it indicates that Zerubbabel and Nehemiah were either contemporaries, or a generation apart in age, not some 65 years apart. Thus, either Zerubabbel and the temple rebuilding needs to be moved to the reigh of Artaxeres I, or Nehemiah and the rebuilding of the city walls needs to be moved to the reign of Darius I. In this ground-breaking volume, the argument is made that the temple was built during the reign of Artaxerxes I. The editor of Haggai and Zechariah mistakenly set the event under Darius I because he was influenced by both a desire to show the fulfillment of inherited prophecy and by Darius' widely circulated autobiography of his rise to power. In light of the settlement patterns in Yehud during the persian period, it is proposed that Artaxerxed 1 instituted a master plan to incorporate Yehod into the persian road, postal, and military systems. The rebuilding of the temple was a minor part of the larger plan that provided soldiers stationaed in the fortress in Jerusalem and civilians living in the new provincial seat with a place to worship their native god while also providing a place to store taxes and monies collected on behalf of the Persian administration.

Author Biography

Diana Edelman is a senior lecturer in the Department of Biblical Studies at the University of Sheffield.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
List of Illustrations and Maps
xv
Introduction 1(1)
The Topic of Inquiry
1(2)
A Brief Survey of Past Hypotheses
3(6)
An Outline of Chapters
9(4)
When Generations Really Count: Dating Zerubbabel and Nehemiah Using Genealogical Information in the Book of Nehemiah
13(67)
Introduction
13(4)
Generation 1
17(3)
Iddo
18(1)
Kadmiel
18(1)
Yeshua ben Yehozadak
18(2)
Generation 2
20(3)
Zerubbabel
20(2)
Yehoiakim
22(1)
Berekiah
22(1)
Shekaniah ben Arah
23(1)
Generation 3
23(34)
Eliashiv
24(2)
Meshullam, Son of Zerubbabel
26(1)
Hananiah, Son of Zerubbabel
26(4)
Shelomit
30(1)
Elnatan
31(1)
Zechariah
32(1)
Meshullam, Son of Berekiah and Brother of Zechariah
32(1)
Shemaiah ben Shekaniah
33(1)
Tobiah the Ammonite
33(5)
Sanballat the Horonite/Sinuballit the Harrranite
38(15)
Geshem the Arab
53(4)
Generation 4
57(6)
Yoiada/Yehoiada
58(1)
The Daughter of Meshullam ben Berekiah
58(1)
The Sons of Sanballat/Sinuballit
58(4)
Bagohi
62(1)
Generation 5
63(6)
Yohanan ben Yehoiada
63(3)
The Daughter of Sanballat/Sinuballit and the Son of Yehoiada
66(1)
Yonatan ben Yehoiada
67(2)
Generation 6
69(1)
Yaddua
69(1)
Chronological Implications of the Genealogies
70(10)
Establishing Date Parameters
70(4)
Nehemiah as a Member of Generation 3
74(1)
Conclusion
75(1)
Endnotes
76(4)
What's in a Date? The Unreliable Nature of the Dates in Haggai and Zechariah
80(71)
Introduction
80(2)
Dating Formulae Used from the Seventh--Second Centuries BCE
82(9)
Judah
84(1)
Neo-Assyria
85(1)
Neo-Babylonia
86(1)
Persia
86(1)
The Ptolemies
87(1)
The Seleucids
88(1)
Section Summary
89(1)
The Dates in Haggai and Zechariah 1--8
90(1)
The Year Dates
91(16)
Zechariah 7.1-7
91(1)
The Seventy-Year Figure in Zechariah 7.4
92(3)
The Date of the Destruction of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar
95(1)
Preliminary Considerations
95(4)
Year 18 or 19 of Nebuchadnezzar?
99(1)
Year 1 of Darius
99(4)
The Seventy-Year Tradition Revisited
103(1)
Why Year 2 of Darius and Not Year 1?
104(2)
Section Summary
106(1)
Month and Day Elements in the Date Formulae in Haggai and Zechariah 1--8
107(24)
The Agricultural Cycles in Babylonia and Yehud
108(1)
The Iqqur Ipush Almanac
109(3)
Day and Month Elements in the Book of Haggai
112(1)
Day 1, Month 6 (Haggai 1.1)
112(4)
Day 24, Month 6 (Haggai 1.15)
116(1)
Day 21, Month 7 (Haggai 2.1)
116(2)
Day 24, Month 9 (Haggai 2.10, 18)
118(5)
Section Summary
123(1)
Day and Month Elements in Zechariah 1--8
123(1)
Month 8 (Zechariah 1.1)
123(1)
Day 24, Month 11 (Zechariah 1.7)
124(2)
Day 4, Month 9 (Zechariah 7.1)
126(4)
Section Summary
130(1)
The Internal Organization of Haggai and Zechariah 1--8 as Temple-Building Accounts
131(9)
Haggai as an Independent Account of Temple-Building
132(2)
Zechariah 1--8 as an Independent Account of Temple-Building
134(4)
Haggai--Zechariah 8 as a Single Account of Temple-Building
138(2)
Chapter Summary and Conclusion
140(11)
Endnotes
147(4)
It's All in the Sources: The Historicity of the Account of Temple-Rebuilding in Ezra 1--6
151(58)
Introduction
151(1)
Summary of Ezra 1--6 and Some Historical Problems It Raises
152(7)
Summary
152(2)
Historical Problems
154(5)
Ezra 1--6 as an Account of Temple-Building
159(3)
Sources Used to Compose Ezra 1--6
162(39)
2 Isaiah (Isaiah 40--55)
163(1)
Cyrus as the Temple's Rebuilder
163(2)
Cyrus' Return of the Temple Vessels
165(1)
The Books of Chronicles
166(1)
Jeremiah
167(1)
The End of Captivity and Return to Yehud
167(1)
The Date for the Completion of the Temple
167(5)
Haggai--Zechariah 8
172(1)
Dissatisfaction with the New Temple
172(1)
The Delay in the Completion of the Temple
172(2)
The Date of the Completion of the Temple
174(1)
Nehemiah
175(1)
The List of Returnees
175(2)
The Identity of the Adversaries as Samarians
177(1)
The Charge of Sedition in 4.8-22
177(1)
Artaxerxes' Future Decree in 4.21
177(1)
Ezekiel 40--48
178(1)
Sheshbazzar the Nasi'
178(1)
The Dimensions of the Second Temple
179(1)
The Authenticity of the Six Documents Cited in Ezra 1.2-5; 4.11-16; 4.17-22; 5.7-17; 6.2-5; and 6.6-12
180(1)
Ezra 1.2-5
181(1)
Ezra 6.2-5
182(3)
Ezra 5.3-17
185(3)
Ezra 6.6-12
188(2)
Ezra 4.7-16
190(6)
Ezra 4.17-22
196(5)
Chapter Summary and Conclusion
201(8)
Endnotes
206(3)
Setting the Bounds: The Territory Comprising Yehud under Artaxerxes I in the Mid-Fifth Century BCE
209(72)
Introduction
209(1)
The Boundaries of Yehud in the Fifth Century BCE
210(28)
The Biblical Evidence
210(1)
Nehemiah 3
210(3)
The Meaning of Pelek
213(3)
The Meaning of Sar
216(6)
Section Summary
222(1)
Nehemiah 7.6-69
223(3)
Nehemiah 11.25-35
226(2)
A Comparison of Nehemiah 11.31-35 and Nehemiah 7.6-38
228(3)
A Comparison of Nehemiah 11.25-30 and Joshua 15
231(1)
Summary
232(1)
Section Summary
232(1)
The Artifactual Evidence
233(1)
m(w)sh-Stamped Jars
233(1)
Animal-Stamped Jars
234(2)
The Yhd, Yh(w)d and Yw-Stamped Jars
236(1)
Section Summary
237(1)
The Status of the Coastal Plain around Lod and Ono in the Mid-Fifth Century BCE
238(5)
The Borders of Idumea
243(2)
Two Historical Scenarios Based on Nehemiah
244(1)
The Negev at the End of the Monarchy and Thereafter
245(5)
The Biblical Texts
245(1)
Ezekiel
245(1)
Malachi
246(1)
Obadiah
246(3)
The Arad Ostraca in Hebrew from the Monarchic Era
249(1)
Edom's Status in the Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods
250(19)
Edomite Remains in the Negev in the Late Iron II Period
253(3)
Tel es-Sera'/Tell esh-Shari'a
256(1)
Khirbet 'Uza
256(1)
Horvat Radum
257(1)
Tel Masos
257(1)
Tel 'Ira
257(1)
Qadesh Barnea
258(1)
Tel Malhata
258(1)
Horvat Qitmit
259(1)
'En Haseva
260(1)
Tel Aroer
261(1)
Surveys of the Southern Judean Hills
262(1)
Tell el-Kheleife
263(1)
Section Summary
264(1)
Aramaic Ostraca from Persian-Era Idumea
265(1)
Khirbet El-Qom/Makkedah
265(2)
Arad
267(1)
Beersheva
268(1)
Tell es-Sera'
268(1)
Tel 'Ira
269(1)
Section Summary
269(1)
Geshem the Arab and the Northern Border of Arabia
269(2)
The Loss of Egypt and the Creation of a New Southern Levantine Border for the Persian Empire in Idumea
271(4)
The Status of Lakish
271(4)
Chapter Summary
275(6)
Endnotes
277(4)
Excavating the Past: Settlement Patterns and Military Installations in Persian-Era Yehud
281(51)
Introduction
281(1)
Preliminary Issues in Using Survey and Excavation Results
281(6)
Absolute versus Relative Dating
281(1)
Using Epigraphy to Date Artifacts
282(1)
Limitations of Remains Retrieved through Excavation
283(1)
Limitations of Remains Retrieved through Surveys
284(3)
Persian-Era Sites Identified by Survey or Excavation
287(23)
Sites That Were New Foundations in the Persian Period
289(10)
Sites That Had Previous Occupation in the Iron II Period
299(9)
Military Sites
308(2)
Analysis of Site Use and Settlement Patterns
310(16)
Settlement Trends
311(6)
Forts and Relay Stations
317(1)
Facilities Located along Internal Provincial Roads
317(2)
A Facility Serving as a Satellite Supply Depot for the Royal Road
319(2)
Facilities in the Negev Highlands
321(2)
Unconfirmed Administrative and Military Facilities
323(1)
A Critique of the Hypothesis that Artaxerxes I Introduced a Unique Form of Fort in the Southern Levant
324(2)
Chapter Summary
326(6)
Endnotes
330(2)
Piety or Pragmatism? The Policy of Artaxerxes I for the Development of Yehud
332(20)
Introduction
332(2)
The Early Reign of Artaxerxes I
334(1)
Past Hypotheses Concerning the Rebuilding of Jerusalem under Nehemiah
335(5)
A New Proposal for Understanding the Decision to Rebuild Jerusalem
340(9)
New Settlers
342(1)
A New Governor
343(1)
Jerusalem as the New Provincial Seat
344(4)
New Fire-Relay Stations
348(1)
Extended Jurisdiction?
349(1)
Piety or Pragmatism?
349(3)
Endnotes
351(1)
A List of Persian Kings and their Dates 352(1)
Appendix I: The Old Persian Text of the Behistun Inscription 353(9)
Appendix II: The Cyrus Cylinder 362(2)
Glossary 364(14)
Bibliography 378(28)
Index of Authors and Individuals Cited 406(6)
Index of Biblical, Classical and Patristic Works Cited 412(8)
Index of Geographical Names 420(8)
Index of Personal Names 428(4)
Index of Subjects 432

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