The Religious World Communities of Faith

, by Bush, Richard C.; Byrnes, Joseph F.

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ISBN: 9780023175299 | 002317529X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/18/1993

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Each of the Religious World's authors is a specialist in his or her field, which provides in-dpeth coverage of each tradition included.The book examines each of the major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism, Christianity, the religions of China and Japan, and Native American and African religious traditions, in a straightforward, accessible manner.

Introduction

(12)

Stating the Questions

(6)

Beginnings

(1)

Sacred Literature

(1)

Doctrines

(1)

Practice

(1)

Institutions and Organizations

(1)

Branches, Divisions, and Groups

(1)

Religion and Society

(1)

Goals

(1)

Religion Today

(1)

The Study of Religion: Problems and Approaches

(5)

Special Terms

(1)

Managing the Mass of Data

(1)

Appreciating the Cultural Context

(1)

Attempting to Understand Religious Experience

(1)

Appreciation and Criticism

(2)

Native American Religions

(24)

Beginnings

(1)

Beliefs in Supernatural and Natural Powers

(1)

A High God

(4)

Other Spirits and Powers

(1)

The Sacred Pipe

(1)

Rituals and Selected Practices

(7)

The Vision Quest

(2)

Healing Ceremonies

(2)

Agricultural Ceremonies

(1)

Ritual Expression and the Arts

(1)

Religion, Moral Conduct, and Society

(2)

Beliefs and Practices Relating to Death

(3)

Native American Religions in Contact and Transition

(3)

The Ghost Dance

(2)

Peyotism and the Native American Church

(1)

Native American Religion Today

(5)

African Religions

(24)

Beginnings

(2)

A Variety of Beliefs

(4)

The Spiritual Cosmos

(1)

The Divine Being

(1)

Lesser Gods, Ancestor Spirits, and Other Spirits

(1)

Sacred Spaces, Places, and Symbols

(1)

Concepts of Persons in Society

(2)

Religious Institutions

(4)

Sacred Kings

(2)

Prophetic Figures

(1)

Spiritual Intermediaries

(2)

Ritual Expression in Africa Religions

(5)

Rituals and the Stages of Life

(2)

Rituals Accompanying Hunting, Agricultural, and Pastoral Life

(1)

Communication with Ancestors

(1)

Ritual Expression and the Arts

(2)

Moral Conduct and Society

(1)

African Religions in Contact and in Transition

(1)

African Islam

(1)

African Christianity

(1)

African Influences in the Americas

(5)

African Religions Today

(4)

Hinduism

(66)

Indus Valley Culture

(2)

Beginning: Vedic Sources, 1500-500 B.C.E.

(9)

Vedic Religion: The Affirmation of the Value of Human Existence

(9)

Non-Vedic Sources, 500-200 B.C.E.

(7)

Encounter with Jainism: The Negation of the Value of Human Existence

(4)

Encounter with Buddhism: The Negation of the Value of Human Existence

(1)

Classical and Medieval Hinduism

(25)

The Amalgamation of the Vedic World-Affirming and the Non-Vedic World-Negating Values

(1)

Hinduism as Participation: The Religious Organization of Life

(6)

Hinduism as Withdrawal: The Religious Release from Life

(19)

The Encounter of Hinduism with Islam

105

(5)

The Establishment of Islam in India

105

(1)

Relations between Hindus and Muslims

106

(2)

Religious Developments Under Muslim Rule

108

(2)

The Sikhs

110

(1)

The Modern Encounter of Hinduism with the West

111

(6)

Four Modern Hindu Movements

113

(4)

Hinduism Today

117

(10)

Buddhism

127

(72)

Beginnings

128

(3)

Background

128

(1)

The Founder

129

(2)

Sacred Texts

131

(2)

From Oral to Written Form

131

(1)

Structure and Context of the Texts

132

(1)

Early Buddhist Doctrine

133

(5)

The Nature of Human Existence

134

(2)

The Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path

136

(1)

Karma and Dependent Origination

136

(2)

The Final Goal: Nirvana

138

(1)

The Practice of Buddhism

138

(6)

Devotional and Ritual Practice

139

(2)

The Moral Life

141

(3)

Relations Between Monks and the Laity

144

(4)

The Order of Monks

144

(2)

The Way of Life for the Laity

146

(2)

Theravada and Mahayana

148

(2)

Basic Teachings of Mahayana Buddhism

150

(6)

Primary Sacred Texts

151

(1)

Major Mahayana Teachings

152

(2)

Mahayana Philosophical Schools

154

(2)

Buddhism in China

156

(16)

The Initial Problem of Relating to Chinese Culture

156

(5)

Buddhist Thought and Life in China

161

(6)

Developments in the Monastic Order and Among the Laity

167

(5)

Buddhism in Japan

172

(10)

Early Developments

172

(1)

Doctrine and Practice in the Japanese Buddhist Schools

173

(9)

The Japanese Contribution to Buddhism

182

(1)

Buddhism in Tibet

182

(7)

Buddhism Today

189

(10)

Buddhism Today in Theravada Areas

189

(1)

Mahayana Areas and the West

190

(9)

Religion in China and Japan

199

(52)

Religion in China

199

(1)

Beginnings

200

(5)

From Earliest Times, a Focus on Ancestors

200

(2)

The Lord Above and the Concept of Heaven

202

(1)

Earth and Fertility

202

(1)

Divination and Other Practices

203

(2)

The Confucian Approach to Religion in China

205

(5)

The Confucian Literature

206

(1)

The Life and Teachings of Confucius

206

(2)

Mencius the Idealist

208

(1)

Orthodox Confucian Practice

209

(1)

Taoist Patterns of Religion in China

210

(9)

Early Taoist Philosophy

210

(4)

The Shift to Religion in Taoist Texts

214

(1)

Taoist Practices, Groups, and Leaders

215

(4)

Folk Religion and Society

219

(1)

Devotion Based on Function

220

(1)

Deified Heros and Heroines

220

(5)

The Trend Toward Harmony and Unity

222

(3)

Chinese Religion and the Modern World

225

(3)

Modern Religio-Politial Movements

225

(1)

Foreign Religions in China

226

(2)

Religion in China Today

228

(4)

Religion in Japan

232

(1)

Beginnings

233

(1)

Shinto Mythology and Beliefs

233

(3)

Shinto Institutions and Rituals

236

(5)

Shinto Priests

236

(1)

Shinto Shrines

236

(2)

Shinto Festivals

238

(1)

Historical Developments in Shinto

238

(3)

Christianity in Japan

241

(1)

New Religions in Japan

241

(4)

Tenri-kyo

243

(1)

P. L. Kyodan

243

(1)

Rissho Kosai Kai

243

(1)

Soka-Gakkai

244

(1)

The Omoto Group

244

(1)

Ittoen

245

(1)

Religion in Japan Today

245

(6)

Judaism

251

(50)

Beginnings

251

(5)

Ethnic Background

251

(1)

Patriarchal Religion

252

(1)

Moses and the Exodus from Egypt

253

(3)

Early Development

256

(8)

Pre-exilic History, 1250-586 B.C.E.

256

(1)

Religion and Culture

256

(6)

Exilic and Postexilic Development, 586 B.C.E.---135 C.E.

262

(2)

Religious Literature

264

(6)

The Hebrew Scriptures

264

(4)

The Talmud

268

(1)

Additional Literature

269

(1)

Doctrines and Confessional Statements

270

(5)

Early Confessional Statements

270

(1)

Basic Biblical Concepts

271

(3)

Creeds of Medieval and Recent Judaism

274

(1)

The Practice of Judaism

275

(8)

Rituals and Worship

275

(2)

Festivals and Sacred Seasons

277

(5)

Ethics and Society

282

(1)

Divisions and Groups

283

(12)

Early Alternative Emphases

284

(1)

Groups in Early Judaism

285

(1)

Medieval Movements

286

(4)

Modern Divisions

290

(5)

Goals for Believers

295

(6)

Christianity

301

(60)

Beginnings

302

(10)

The Jewish World

302

(2)

The Life and Message of Jesus

304

(1)

New Testament Interpretations of Jesus' Message

305

(6)

Persecution and the Spread of Christianity

311

(1)

Sacred Literature

312

(5)

Letters and Gospels

312

(3)

Context for the Development of the New Testament

315

(1)

Later Development of the Canon

316

(1)

Practice

317

(4)

Weekly and Annual Cycles of Worship

317

(1)

Baptism and Eucharist

317

(3)

Liturgical Architecture

320

(1)

Doctrine

321

(5)

The Earliest Theologians

321

(1)

Teachings of the Councils of the Church

322

(1)

Arianism and the Council of Nicaea (325)

322

(1)

Nestorianism and Monophysitism

323

(1)

Augustine of Hippo: Divine Grace and Human Freedom

324

(2)

Institutions and Organization

326

(4)

Original ``Gifts'' and Subsequent ``Orders''

326

(1)

The Authority of Bishops

327

(1)

Development of Papal Authority

328

(1)

Monasticism

328

(2)

Branches, Divisions, and Groups

330

(18)

Earlier Divisions

330

(1)

The Two Empires

331

(1)

The Rise and Fall of Western Christendom

332

(5)

The Protestant Reformation

337

(9)

Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation

346

(2)

Religion and the Formation of Modern Society

348

(13)

The Enlightenment and Its Renaissance Foundations

348

(3)

The Age of Revolution

351

(4)

Christian Missions and the Third World

355

(6)

Islam

361

(52)

Beginnings: Arabia Before Islam

362

(2)

The Life of Muhammad

364

(4)

The Early Years in Mecca

364

(2)

The Years in Medina

366

(1)

The Death and Significance of Muhammad

366

(2)

The Quran

368

(2)

Quranic Teachings: Fundamental Beliefs

370

(4)

Tawhid, the Unity of God

370

(1)

Communication from God

371

(1)

Creations of God

372

(1)

Ummah: The Community of Muslims

373

(1)

Quranic Teachings: Major Practices

374

(7)

Shahadah, the Profession of Faith

374

(1)

Salat, Dhikr, and Du'a: Acts of Worship

374

(3)

Zakat, Purification Through Sharing

377

(1)

Ramadan, the Month of Fasting

378

(1)

Hajj, the Pilgrimage

378

(3)

Other Significant Practices and Places

381

(1)

Life in the Ummah: Social, Political, and Moral Order

381

(4)

The Shariah

382

(1)

The ``Model'' Muslim City

383

(1)

Family Life and Housing in the City

384

(1)

Groups in Islam

385

(11)

The Kharijites (Khwarij)

386

(1)

The Shia

386

(3)

The Sunnis

389

(3)

The Muslim Philosophers

392

(2)

The Sufis

394

(2)

Islam in Contact and in Transition

396

(7)

Islam and the Medieval West

396

(3)

Islam, Africa, and Asia

399

(2)

The Period of the Great Empires

401

(2)

Developments under European Rule and Influence

403

(5)

Islam in the Americas

407

(1)

Islam in the Contemporary World

408

(5)

New Religions in America

413

(20)

Fundamental Features of the New Religions

413

(1)

Religion in America

414

(1)

Nineteenth-Century Foundations

414

(9)

Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints

414

(5)

Church of Christ, Scientist

419

(2)

Jehovah's Witnesses

421

(2)

Twentieth-Century Foundations

423

(10)

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)

423

(3)

Unification Church

426

(2)

Significance of Twentieth-Century Cults

428

(1)

Old American Cultic Traditions

429

(4)

Enduring Questions and Quests

433

(12)

Human Questions and Quests

433

(2)

Religion and the Questions(s) of Meaning

435

(2)

A Variety of Perspectives on Religious Meaning

437

(8)

Life's Questions and Religious Meaning

438

(2)

Religious Meaning in a Pluralistic Religious World

440

(5)

Index

445

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The Religious World Communities of Faith

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials